ANNEX VIII

Coastal GOOS in Context: Review the goals, plans and recommendations of
OOPC, HOTO, LMR, and Capacity Building Panels that are relevant to the formulation of
strategic (design) and implementation plans for C-GOOS

Tom Malone, Osvaldo Ulloa, George Needler and Colin Summerhayes


 

I. GOOS
A. OVERVIEW
The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) was created in 1992 in response to conventions signed at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, Rio de Janeiro, 1992). The UNCED conventions called for the establishment of an adequate observing system to monitor the oceans and develop sufficient of environmental change to achieve the goals of sustainable development and integrated management of the marine environment and its natural resources. To these ends, the goals of GOOS are to improve:
  1. weather forecasts and climate predictions,
  2. now-casting and forecasting for safe marine operations and the mitigation of natural hazards, and
  3. documentation and prediction of the effects of human activities and climate change on marine ecosystems and the living resources they support.
GOOS is based on an "end-to-end" design in which the requirements of end-users of marine information generate a demand for services and products and define the observations, time scales, and means for their delivery. GOOS is intended to address issues that are global in scope as well as those that occur on smaller (local-regional) scales but are globally ubiquitous and would benefit from comparative analysis or from data and information collected on larger (regional-global) scales. The role of the GOOS is to promote the establishment of the integrated, multi-disciplinary observation systems required to achieve these goals in cases requiring information on scales that are beyond the capabilities of any individual nation. There are five operational objectives:
  1. specify the measurements (variables, resolution, precision, etc.) and information needed on a continuing basis to meet the common requirements of user groups on regional to global scales;
  2. develop and implement an internationally coordinated strategy for the timely acquisition, analysis and archival of data for applied purposes;
  3. promote the application of environmental data and products by user groups;
  4. enable smaller and less-developed nations to participate and benefit from GOOS; and
  5. coordinate with GCOS, GTOS and other observation programmes and ensure their integration into regional-global management strategies.
Implementation of GOOS will build upon existing observation programmes and elements. The success of GOOS will depend on the demonstration of tangible benefits in a timely fashion. This will be achieved by promoting expansion and implementation of operational monitoring programmes, networking programmes on regional to global scales, and linking measurements to products and services through an end-to-end approach to data management.
Five panels have been formed to prepare plans for the strategic design and implementation of GOOS:
  1. The Ocean Observing Panel for Climate (OOPC) to provide the data from the oceans needed for the prediction of climate variability and climate change (GCOS);
  2. Health of the Oceans (HOTO) to provide data needed to assess the nature and extent of the effects of anthropogenic contaminants on human and ecosystem health;
  3. Living Marine Resources (LMR) to provide data needed for the sustainable management of living marine resources in an ecosystem context;
  4. Coastal (C-GOOS) to provide data needed to now-cast, forecast and predict environmental variability and change as a means of preserving healthy coastal environments, promoting sustainable uses of coastal resources, mitigating coastal hazards, and ensuring safe and efficient marine operations; and
  5. Ocean Services to identify products and services in response to user needs.
GOOS panels are charged with (1) developing strategic design plans; (2) planning and implementing pilot projects as proof of concept, operational demonstrations; and (3) formulating implementation plans. Pilot projects are also intended to stimulate the development of new technologies (e.g., sensors, telemetery, data assimilation and model development). In the case of C-GOOS, successful pilot projects will provide the "seeds" (and guidelines) for implementing GOOS in the coastal zone. C-GOOS will also be implemented through regionally organized initiatives such as EuroGOOS, NEAR-GOOS, and the UNEP Regional Seas Programme, as well as through nationally organized initiatives such as U.S. GOOS and Brazil GOOS. C-GOOS strategic and implementation plans will incorporate plans and recommendations from the OOPC, HOTO and LMR panels as appropriate.
GOOS Panels report to the GOOS Steering Committee (GSC, Worth Nowlin, Chair) which is responsible for the planning and implementation of GOOS. The Intergovernmental Committee for GOOS (I-GOOS, Angus McEwan, Chair) represents national interests and is responsible for endorsing GOOS actions on behalf of member nations. I-GOOS provides a forum for interaction with governments, whose approval and resources will be needed to implement GOOS.
Conceptually, GOOS can be divided into two related components, a basin-scale component concerned primarily with the role of the oceans in global climate change and a coastal-scale component concerned primarily with the combined environmental effects of climate change and human activities at local to regional scales. The GSC has begun to discuss the possibility that the OOPC, HOTO, LMR, and Ocean Services modules will eventually be integrated into basin scale and coastal GOOS modules.
Support for planning and international coordination of the design and implementation of GOOS is provided by the sponsors of GOOS: the IOC, WMO, ICSU and UNEP.

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B. END-TO-END DATA MANAGEMENT
The achievement of a predictive understanding of environmental change in coastal ecosystems depends, among other things, on the development of regional to global networks that link observation, analysis and application in more effective and timely ways. The goals of "end-to-end" data management are to maximize the use of data and information on coastal habitats and natural resources by optimizing the flow of data and information from sensor to user and to increase the cost-effectiveness of environmental observations. This will be achieved by (i) developing more effective linkages between the providers of data on environmental change and user groups, (ii) minimizing data delays, losses and redundancy, (iii) improving metadata records, (iv) documenting quality assurance and control procedures, and (iv) increasing access to data and information.
User groups include government policy and decision makers, government agencies (e.g., harbors and maritime services, environment, natural resources), private industry (e.g., shipping, fishing, tourism, insurance, construction, farming, mariculture), environmental NGOs, educators and the public, and the scientific community. Science is a critical link that transforms measurements into useful information. Facilitating access to information on environmental change and the causes and consequences of such change is at the core of all GOOS goals and objectives. The establishment of comparable and equivalent procedures for data management for GOOS, GCOS and GTOS is the responsibility of the Joint Data and Information Panel (J-DIMP). In this context, J-DIMP must take into account a greater diversity of potential user groups in C-GOOS relative to other GOOS modules.
The economic case for GOOS emphasizes short-term economic benefits. The economics of global climate change illustrate the rationale that led to this conclusion. The economic impacts of climate change will probably become serious in 30-50 years. Since GOOS requires initial investments in hardware, communications, and products in its early stages, potential benefits must be enormous over this time frame to justify spending large sums of money now. Although the worst case scenarios for climate change might justify such expenditures if the nature of environmental changes and their impacts were certain, it is more difficult to make this case when impacts are unquantified probabilities.
The emphasis on short-term economic benefits does not mean a return to the divisiveness of the early 1980s. For example, advances in numerical modeling techniques and geographic information systems enable scientists, planners and managers to assimilate and integrate large amounts of data from different sources and to generate informative products that are responsive to user needs in more timely ways. It will not be easy to achieve this goal, but it is possible.
C. COASTAL GOOS: AN APPROACH (September, 1996)
The role of Coastal GOOS is to promote coordination among current observing systems and the coordinated implementation of new observations for cost-effective:
  1. determination of the current status of coastal ecosystems and resources,
  2. detection of changes and trends,
  3. evaluation of the efficacy of coastal management actions,
  4. validation and verification of predictive models,
  5. enhancement of knowledge of coastal processes,
  6. early warning of future problems (from natural hazards and the effects of land-use to climate change), and
  7. timely distribution of real-time observations and forecasts to guide routine and emergency marine operations to improve the safety and efficiency of marine operations.
No single sampling design can efficiently provide all information needed to evaluate coastal conditions and guide all policy decisions. C-GOOS is conceived as an intergrated, hierarchical structure of networks, from synoptic remote sensing to intensive in situ monitoring sites, from data collection to transfer and analysis. GOOS observations are those that are long-term, systematic, routine, globally relevant, and cost- effective.
C-GOOS must take into account energy and material inputs from land, sea and air. The scope of C- GOOS must, therefore, include these inputs as well as the coastal and shelf waters, estuaries, coastal watersheds, wetlands, floodplains, lagoons, and intertidal habitats that constitute the aquatic ecosystems of the coastal zone. C-GOOS will have significant overlap with terrestrial and atmospheric observing systems in the coastal zone, and it is expected that a single coastal module will eventually evolve that links GOOS, GCOS and GTOS.
There is a need for a new paradigm of multidisciplinary coordination and collaboration among (i) research, monitoring, assessment and management activities; (ii) marine, atmospheric and terrestrial scientists; (iii) local, state, federal and internations institutions; (iv) the scientific community, private industry and the public; and (v) conservation and economic development interests. A great deal must be done to entrain user groups in order to define and solve local environmental problems. Considerations include national priorities, common standards, and data management. Emphasis should be placed on community-based solutions and consensus building among stake-holders, processes that must begin during the early design phase of all GOOS projects.

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D. C-GOOS I: SUMMARY OF MALONE'S PRESENTATION TO THE GSC (Paris, 20-23 April, 1998)
The challenge to C-GOOS is large, but the benefits of implementation are enormous. The charge is to promote the design and implementation of end-to-end systems that are responsive to user needs in the coastal zone and beyond the capabilities of individual nations to address in isolation. C-GOOS will consult with and advise a broad range of users on how to develop observing systems that meet local-regional needs, employ common standards and comparable methods, benefit from regional and global observations, and provide the means to interpolate among systems and extrapolate to future states.
At its first meeting, the C-GOOS Panel emphasized that the scarcity of observations on coastal environments that are of sufficient duration, spatial extent, and resolution and the lack of knowledge (theoretical and empirical) on the propagation of variability across scales through and among coastal ecosystems are major barriers to the goals of nowcasting, forecasting and predicting environmental changes and their consequences. In this context the panel agreed on the following goals:
  1. determine user needs and specify data and products required to satisfy these needs;
  2. identify regions where current monitoring programmes are inadequate and formulate plans to fill these gaps;
  3. identify inadequacies in measurement programmes and develop recommendations for improvements in terms of variables measured, the scales on which they are measured, and their usefulness ;
  4. promote regional to global coordination and integration of monitoring, research and modeling;
  5. promote the design and implementation of internationally coordinated strategies for data acquisition, integration, synthesis and dissemination of products; and
  6. promote the implementation of regional to global networks to improve now-casting, forecasting and prediction of environmental change.
An intersession Action Plan was formulated with the objective of completing the Strategic Design Plan by the end of CY 1998 and initiating Pilot Projects during 1998-99. The Implementation Plan will be completed in 2000.
Operational categories were defined (preserve healthy environments, promote sustainable use of resources, mitigate hazards, safe and efficient marine operations) and used to organize environmental issues and problems that are globally ubiquitous and locally significant. Systematic approaches to linking measurements to user needs and assessing the cost-benefit of measurement programmes were developed and are being evaluated by intersession ad hoc committees.
The Panel recognized that important observing systems are already in place in some key regions and that these should be promoted and coordinated under the umbrella of C-GOOS. To assess the appropriateness of these ongoing operations for C-GOOS, the IOC agreed to compile and make available information on significant coastal monitoring programmes conducted by its Member States. This will include both a description of current programmes and an assessment of the timeliness of access to and analysis of environmental data. A status report on this effort will be given at C-GOOS II (Fall, 1998). The Panel will develop recommendations for integrated, multidisciplinary observing systems based on current programmes and needs. This includes the entire end-to-end system from from sensors and measurements to data dissemination and analysis for the purposes of nowcasting and forecasting environmental changes and responses to environmental change. C-GOOS will liaise closely with ongoing GOOS programmes (e.g., LMR, HOTO, NEAR-GOOS, EuroGOOS) and with research programmes relevant to the GOOS mission (e.g., I-LTER, LOICZ).
The Panel's Action Plan includes assessments that will lead to recommendations for coordinating with, complementing and building on related programmes (GTOS, GCOS, EuroGOOS, NEAR-GOOS, OOPC, HOTO, LMR, LOICZ, LTER); for procedures that can be used to design Pilot Projects and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of measurement programmes; and for involving all major stakeholders in the planning and implementation from time zero. Proposals are being developed for potential projects in the eastern south Pacific, western Pacific, the Black Sea, and the northern Adriatic; for projects to improve remote sensing algorithms, disaster mitigation (storm surge), and the networking of metadata; and for projects that will lead to more systematic documentation and effective prediction of harmful algal blooms and habitat loss (submerged attached vegetation).
In terms of the need for observing systems that capture important scales of variability, a U.S. C- GOOS workshop is being planned to address the "Challenges and Promise of in situ Sensing for Nowcasting, Forecasting and Predicting Environmental Trends in Coastal Ecosystems." The workshop will address three related issues: (i) detecting and predicting change in coastal ecosystems; (ii) monitoring capabilities and information needs; and (iii) the design and implementation of integrated, multidisciplinary coastal observing systems. It will lay the foundations for the design and implementation of U.S. C-GOOS. It is anticipated that this will be followed by an international workshop to address global aspects of these issues, including the need for capacity building.
The panel's report was accepted and its agenda of four meetings in 1998 and 1999 was endorsed by the GSC. In addition to the April, 1998 in Paris the tentative schedule is as follows: C-GOOS II in Curitiba, Brazil, Oct-Nov, 1998; C-GOOS III in west Africa, March, 1999; and C-GOOS IV in association with EMECS 99 in Ankara, Turkey, Nov, 1999.
The GSC endorsed or recommended the following actions:
  1. meet twice a year to keep the momentum going;
  2. invite a representative of the GTOS panel to C-GOOS panel meetings and vice versa to insure coordination and collaboration;
  3. consider specific user needs at future C-GOOS panel meetings;
  4. insure coordination and collaboration with the HOTO and LMR panels;
  5. consider merging the designs of C-GOOS, LMR and HOTO into a single module once the design phase of each is completed;
  6. develop indicators of change that will be useful to users;
  7. the GPO and the HOTO and C-GOOS Panels must explore ways to better coordinate with the UNEP Regional Seas programme; and
  8. the GPO should respond to the panels request for information on significant coastal monitoring programmes conducted by its member states. This should include both a description of current programmes and an assessment of the timeliness of access to and analysis of environmental data.

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II. RELATED PANELS
The C-GOOS Panel must take into consideration plans and recommendations of the OOPC, HOTO, LMR, and Capacity Building panels as they relate to the design and implementation of GOOS in the coastal zone.
A. OCEAN OBSERVATIONS PANEL FOR CLIMATE (OOPC; Neville Smith, Chair)
he goals of the OOPC are to (i) monitor, describe and understand the physical and biogeochemical processes that determine ocean circulation and its influence on the C cycle and the effects of the ocean on seasonal to multi-decadal climate changes; (ii) provide the observations needed for the prediction of climate variability and climate change; and (iii) develop the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE). GODAE has been formulated as a pilot project to assist in implementing GCOS. The purpose of this effort is to demonstrate the power of integrating satellite and in situ data, the power of model assimilation, and te value of a global system. It is needed for open ocean analyses and forecasts and for establishing boundary forcings for regional models so as to improve forecasting in coastal systems. Several initial test phases will be conducted over the next few years leading up to a full scale global experiment in 2003-2005. A North Atlantic data assimilation pilot project has been proposed. The need now is human resources and money. The patrons (e.g., NOAA, NASA, CNES, EUMETSAT, STA, JAMSTEC) have established a GODAE fund which now supports the GODAE office (in the Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia).
The OOPC welcomes the opportunity to develop a joint project with the C-GOOS panel and emphasizes the importance of further studies on the coastal-open ocean interface. The GSC has formed an inter-session group (chaired by Erlich Desa with Llana Wainer and Mike Fogerty) to examine opportunities for taking advantage of GODAE within the broader context of GOOS including its relationsip to non-physical components, regional models and applications, and outreach to entrain developing countries.
The effects of meteorological events, large scale climate change and oceanic processes on coastal ecosystems are clearly important to C-GOOS. In addition to coordinating with the OOPC and the inter- session work group referred to above, C-GOOS will coordinate with the SCOR Working Group on Coupling Winds, Waves and Currents in Coastal Models (Co-Chaired by Norden Huang and Chris Mooers). This WG will examine critical issues related to coupling between wind forcing, surface waves, and currents in the coastal ocean and review existing observational data to define future needs for understanding the coastal region as a whole. Questions to be addressed that are relevant to C-GOOS include:
  1. What processes govern the generation and propagation of waves across the shelf?
  2. How does the partitioning of energy and momentum fluxes among waves and currents change with time and across the shelf?
  3. How do wave-driven changes in surface mixed layer structure affect wind-driven currents?
  4. What are the effects of waves on the magnitude and directional characteristics of surface wind stress?
  5. How significant are wave refraction (and associated breaking) and wave-current interactions in controlling wind-driven currents and are their significant feedback effects?
  6. How does the coupled model differ from uncoupled models?
  7. What is the role of coastal waters in the global exchange of heat between oceans and atmosphere and as a boundary condition for global climate studies?
The focus of the WG will be on special issues related to the development of a coupled coastal wind- wave-circulation model for assessing the health of the coastal environment and estimating the role of coastal waters in global ocean dynamics.
The effects of oceanic processes and climate on coastal ecosystems should be a major agenda item at C-GOOS III. The OOPC Panel feels that, to the extent possible it could be profitable to carry this forward on a cooperative basis. This is also a major concern of GODAE. Coastal needs can both provide some justification for the global climate observing system and should provide some criteria against which the present design can be tested for adequacy.
B. HEALTH OF THE OCEANS (HOTO) PANEL
The strategic plan has been completed and implementation of the HOTO Module will be within the framework of the Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment (GIPME) Programme of the IOC, UNEP and IMO. Coordination among the northeast Asian HOTO Pilot Project to the northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP, a UNEP Regional Seas initiative) is in progress. Implementation is intended to occur region by region in cooperation and collaboration with the implementation of the LMR and C-GOOS modules.
As articulated in the panel's strategic plan (May, 1996), the primary goals are to provide information on the nature and extent of adverse effects of anthropogenic contaminants on human health, marine resources, and ecosystem health. Data collection, bio-monitoring and assessments of biological effects are to be conducted on regional-global scales using commonly agreed upon standards and methods. Initial emphasis will be on (i) development of reliable biological indicators of ecosystem health; (ii) monitoring contaminant loadings in relation to ecological responses; (iii) developing methods for evaluating the assimilation capacity of coastal ecosystems for contaminant loads; and (iv) assessing available data on contaminant levels and biological responses to establish regional and national baselines and mass balances (budgets).
Global issues of contemporary concern that impact on or are related to the health of the oceans include climate change, endangered species, biodiversity, human health, tourism and eutrophication. Priority issues were defined and classes of contaminants were chosen for attention. Anthropogenic activities that mobilize contaminants include aquaculture, forest disturbance, coastal development, marine transportation, industrial discharge, ocean dumping, agriculture, extraction of minerals, and human waste discharge. The strategic plan includes a listing of systems ranked according to contaminant loadings. In this list, the Black Sea is most contaminated and the Red Sea is least contaminated. Heavily contaminated systems included Asian seas, the Great Lakes, the Baltic Sea, and the N. Sea Although an incomplete listing, this approach provides a means of prioritizing HOTO efforts.
Biological indices of contaminant stress must be identified at molecular, organismal, population and community levels of biological organization. In addition, relating loads to biological effects will require measurements on different time and space scales depending on the nature of the problems being addressed. Measurement can be divided into three categories: (i) those needed for management decisions that are driven by the requirements of customers who require interpretative products; (ii) those required to capture responses to changes in patterns of loading and physical forcings; and (iii) those required to resolve the effects of substances that are derived from both natural an anthropogenic sources.
Pilot projects have been planned or discussed for the (i) Red Sea, (ii) southeast Asian Seas, (iii) northeast Asian region, (iv) Arctic, (v) Antarctic, (vi) Black Sea, (vii) Brazilian coastal zone, and (viii) Caribbean. The format f or pilot project proposals ("Frameworks for Regional Blueprints") is as follows: (i) introduction or background section which describe the system, relevant environmental issues, user groups and needs; (ii) description of existing programmes that collectively could form the basis of the project; and (iii) project design that includes goals, description of the observational network, variables to be measured, scales (resolution, duration, areal extent) of measurement required to resolve variability and trends, data management (assimilation, QAQC), and modeling.

[Note: For C-GOOS, project design should include completion of the project design table and cost-benefit analysis of variables to be measured.]

[Note: The Brazilian coastal zone pilot ("Rapid Assessment of Marine Pollution (RAMP): a HOTO Pilot Project in South America") is intended to provide equipment and training for easy to use, inexpensive technologies to measure chemical and biological markers needed to assess environmental impacts and improve environmental management.]

The GSC asks that the HOTO Panel chair liaise with the C-GOOS chair to arrange data sharing and dissemination of activities.

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C. LMR (Warren Wooster, Chair)
The LMR module will provide a framework and specification for an adequate package of observations and research to understand and forecast major changes in the abundance and production of critical living marine resources over time scales of years to decades and beyond. It will identify user requirements for oceanographic data and give advice on the design and implementation of the observing system. Specific aims include monitoring and prediction of:
  1. ecological variables (physical environment, trophic levels that support living resources);
  2. sustainability of critical marine habitats (estuaries, lagoons, and upwelling systems; coral reefs, grass beds, mangroves and other coastal wetlands)
  3. regime shifts and changes in recruitment (decadal scale fluctuations in ecosystem structure-function with superimposed interannual variability in recruitment);
  4. changes in marine biodiversity;
  5. information relevant to the conservation of genetic resources; and
  6. impacts of anthropogenic stressors on the health of marine ecosystems including the occurrence of toxic algal blooms.
Many of these topics overlap with other GOOS modules and coordination will be needed to insure comprehensive coverage. It is assumed that portions of the physical and chemical data and modeling required by LMR will be obtained through observing and modeling systems specified by the OOPC, HOTO and C-GOOS panels. In addition, the work envisaged for LMR is closely related to that planned by the SCOR/IOC/IGBP Core Project on Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC). The relationship with GLOBEC is very important because its mission is to advance understanding of precisely those features of the marine ecosystem which LMR aims to monitor and predict. Indeed, it is probable that if GLOBEC did not already exist, LMR would have needed to create it.
The new LMR Panel recognizes that there is potential overlap with the work of the Coastal and HOTO Panels. Initially, the panel will focus on offshore regions dominated by oceanic processes and then move shoreward. Estuaries are perceived as being beyond the scope of the panels work. Coordination with the C-GOOS and HOTO Panels, and with GLOBEC and the LMR Programme (especially in the Gulf of Guinea), will be important. The panel has also requested the IOC to compile an inventory of relevant environmental monitoring and stock assessment programmes of Member States.
The panel also recognizes that fisheries data collected by individual nations may not be in a form that will allow integration and comparative analysis. Accordingly, the panel has asked the FAO to identify the existing fisheries data bases that could contribute to regional and global assessments and to advise on how to conduct such assessments.
Pilot projects will involve retrospective analyses of data from well sampled regions where significant ecosystem changes have been observed (e.g., regime shifts in the Northeast Pacific) to evaluate (i) the predictability of such changes, (ii) the extent to which predictions could be improved with the measurement of additional variables. Intersession pilot projects were proposed for the Baltic, California Current, Japan Sea/East Sea (Note regarding the term 'East Sea'), northwest Atlantic, northeast Atlantic, and the Benguela Current.
The GSC recommended that the panel broaden the scope of the module to include coastal seas and the nearshore coastal environment. The panel has been asked to complete a draft design plan for implementation within 18 months in order to mesh the process more closely with the time schedule set by the C-GOOS panel.
D. CAPACITY BUILDING (Jan Stel, Chair)
Because of the global nature of GOOS, the full involvement of all nations will be critical to its success. To maximize the benefits that developing countries can realize, there will be a need for capacity building. This should include education and training and infrastructure enhancements including sampling platforms, instrumentation, access to remotely sensed data, and communication networks for data telemetry and dissemination. It has been recommended that capacity building be conducted as an integrated GOOS-wide activity and that pilot projects should include capacity building elements.
GOOS Capacity building has been directed by an ad hoc panel. Four workshops have been conducted: (i) Goa, India, Nov 96; (ii) Mombasa, Kenya, Mar 97; (iii) Malta, Nov 97; and (iv) Suva, Fiji, Feb 98. The Malta and Fiji meetings respectively planted the seeds for two regional GOOS programmes: MED-GOOS and Pacific-GOOS. These efforts are leading to useful inventories of capabilities, more precise definition of needs, and identification of desired products.
The GSC concluded that there is a need to continue GOOS capacity building by formally establishing a Capacity Building Panel with terms of reference (to be chaired by Jan Stel with Allyn Clark and Ilana Wainer). The Panel will need to coordinate closely with the IOC TEMA (Training, Education and Mutual Awareness) programme and with other GOOS Panels. Each of the current GOOS Panels (OOPC, C- GOOS, LMR, HOTO) is to identify a member who will be responsible for capacity building and who would liaise with the Capacity Building Panel. The Panel will be charged with developing design and implementation plans that include the following key elements:
  1. development of funding sources;
  2. developing links with IOC regional bodies and the IOC Vice Chairman for regional development;
  3. coordinating capacity building efforts of other GOOS panels and programmes and with TEMA;
  4. focusing on providing practical benefits to developing countries, especially improving data and information management as the basis for data exchange and product development; and
  5. placing extension agents in selected regions to assist with the development of GOOS programmes that are locally and regionally relevant.

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Bibliography

GOOS

  1. Strategic Plan and Principles for the GOOS. January, 1998. GOOS Rpt. No. 41, IOC/INF-1091
  2. First Session (20-23 April, 1998) of the GOOS Steering Committee, 13 Aug 98 Draft Report
  3. Joint IGOSS/IODE Data Management Strategy in Support of GOOS. 11 Nov 1996. The Benefits of an "End-to-End" Marine Data Management Capability.
  4. Flemming. The economic case for a global ocean observing system. 2nd International Conference on Ocenography, Towards Sustainable Use of Oceans and Coastal Zones.
  5. NOAA-IOC Workshop on Socio-Economic Aspects of the GOOS, 15 May, 1996. Assessing Benefits and Costs of the Climate and Coastal Modules.
  6. NOAA. February, 1997. Remote sensing for coastal resource managers: An Overview
  7. Framework Master Plan for A Global Coastal Monitoring System, 1990 (Pernetta's Final Rpt to the IOC, WMO and UNEP)
  8. Coastal Agenda of GOOS: An Approach, Sept., 1996 (Report of an ad hoc group appointed by I- GOOS)
  9. GOOS Coastal Module Planning Workshop Report (SCOR report to J-GOOS), Feb 1997, IOC Worshop Rpt No. 131, GOOS No. 35.

OOPC

  1. OOPC, March 1996. First session. GOOS Report No. 24
  2. OOPC, February 1997. Second session. GOOS Report No. 28, GCOS Report No. 36
  3. OOPC, March 1997. Ocean climate time-series workshop. GOOS Report No. 33, GCOS Report No. 41.

HOTO

  1. HOTO Panel, May 1996. A strategic plan for the assessment and prediction of the health of the ocean: a module of the GOOS, IOC/INF-1044
  2. U.S. Coastal Module of the GOOS, Dec, 1996. Workshop report on the sustainable healthy coasts component.
  3. IOC, May 1997. The alliance between GIPME and the HOTO module of GOOS.
  4. HOTO, Dec, 1997. Report of the 4th session of the J-GOOS HOTO Panel, National University of Singapore, 13-17 Oct., 1997.

LMR

  1. SCOR, March 1996. GOOS Planning Workshop for Living Marine Resources. IOC Workshop Report No. 137, GOOS Report No. 39.
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